Mushrooms and Mankind by James Arthur

Amanita muscaria: The Mushrooms that shaped Mankind

Figure 1. Amanita muscaria

A Typical RED variety of the Amanita muscaria. The Single most written about and mystically symbolized Mushroom throughout history. This Mushroom played a MAJOR role in the formulation of nearly Every MAJOR world Religion and world Mythology, as you will see, it is the primary focus of this investigation.

The Amanita muscaria mushroom can be found at the roots of most of the religious writings our planet has to offer. Yet you will find within these pages very little in way of endorsement of any particular Religion. However, please bear with me when I interject my own philosophical opinions. Remember I admit openly that I certainly do not know everything. This is the result of serious study of the doctrinal/scriptural substance of each of the presented Religions, and an exploration into the hidden symbology and meanings within them. The discovery that although the Sacramental substance is unquestionably present, the organizations themselves have obscured the knowledge of it, was an Enigma. That is until the Political nature at the roots of Religion itself had been uncovered. Religions today do not answer this important question. Explaining it away as purely symbolic or of no importance. Religion has polluted itself by denying its own source and by removing the individuals ability to experience the effects produced by the substance that imparts GNOSIS (the joining together of the consciousness with the consciousness of the Divine). By the removal of this key knowledge Religion itself has become a lie. Especially when the same systems inspired by Entheogens have condemned their usage.

In society today it has become taboo to present the expansion of consciousness by drug/plant usage of any kind in a positive light. Such is the case when one discusses in a negative light Government, Religion, or any other societal norm. While I have no use for Opiates (heroin) Or highly refined Coca (coke, crack) and no interest in Amphetamines (crank) I feel that a blanket assessment of all drugs as being DIRTY is not only unfair, But a classic case of Dis-information.

Drugs in the Psychedelic category are commonly referred to these days (by those in the know) as "Entheogens" meaning simply the generation of God within. For the experiencer, the realization of God within ones own Consciousness.

The facts are that there are many plants that have been known to Expand consciousness, increase awareness of self, and initiate one into the nature of spirituality. Thousands of PhD. Professors all over the world (in fields such as Botany, Ethno-botany, Entheo-botany, Archaeology, Anthropology, Philology, Philosophy, Psychology, as well as a plethora of other inter-related fields) have written Thousands of books/papers on the investigation and study of Psychedelic plants. Many such writings have dealt with the use of such substances by Spiritual practitioners in most every Religion formed on the planet. Most people are out of the loop in knowing about any of this. Throughout history each Tribe/Culture has looked for leadership and insight to the local HOLY person. Often known as a HOLY MAN or otherwise Shaman/Healer/Priest/Mage/Sage/Yogi/Magician. The insight these LEADERS possessed was largely due to their experience and understanding of Pharmacopeia (use of plants) and the insight offered by the use of these things. Different tribes and peoples used different Entheogens, largely determined by local availability. This RESPECT, reverence, and Authority held by the native shaman is a major problem for Government and Religion. This is why Pharmacopeia has been demonized and dis-reputed as something of the DEVIL. The Spanish (Catholic) inquisition and Witch hunts are prime examples of this. As well as the stealing of land and other properties done in the name of GOD by murdering over EIGHT MILLION people that the Church/Government tried as witches up till the 19th century. There is also the matter of an estimated twenty million indigenous Central Americans murdered (exterminated) bringing about the near extinction of the Aztec/Inca/Mayan peoples. The underlying agenda is the repression of the knowledge of Entheogenic plants which if it succeeded would insure the peoples loyalty to established Religion in all matters pertaining to GOD. Primarily due to the inability of experiencing God for oneself. Since Government and Religion are the controllers of the world, An independent Shaman/Priest/Mage/Magician/Prophet is a threat to their loyalty and Authority.

The Sacramental use of Entheogens has only come into a BAD/DIRTY light recently. Largely due to the lumping together of any and all substances used by people (whether for Spiritual purposes or simply recreation) and classified as BAD for you, Evil, Vile, and DIRTY. This PROHIBITION is the source of the inept, corrupt, and oppressive (monetary based) WAR ON DRUGS. In realty, despite the incredible amount of evidence that humanity's origins of spirituality are inseparably linked to entheogens, Governmental prohibition continues to rob each individual of their human right to direct access of understanding the nature of spirituality by the traditional and ancient means provided by mother earth.

People who follow the Governmental lead in this field without researching the subject on an individual basis are commonly quick to jump to conclusions and Condemn things they really know nothing about. Of course, there are actually people who believe that anything the Government says must be true. UNFORTUNATELY.. Yet they have absolutely No personal experience, no research, no real understanding. An opinion really based on Ignorance.

This is not only SAD but actually quite SICKENING. The Propaganda pushers certainly have their own AGENDA, which BTW leads the mindless masses of sheep right down the road of foolishness. Becoming unknowingly the pushers of the Oppressive Dis-information and Propaganda themselves. All in the name of being right, proper, clean purveyors of the TRUTH.

The simple REALITY is that plant Entheogens are Spiritual in nature.

I Prefer "Just say KNOW" to the Oppressive Fascist Propaganda "Just say no"

One more thing before we get going...

Its the use of Heroin, Crack, and Crank that The Government throws on the table to cause panic in the minds of people, has allowed them to ERODE the Constitution away into a now historical Document. By passing unbelievable laws all under the guise of Stopping the use of Drugs, and saving our precious children from the vile Drug pusher. While all along its been the OSS and then the CIA that bring the highly addictive drugs (Heroin/Crack) that DESTROY peoples lives into the Country. If you don't think this could be true, then Take a look at this:

The CIA/OSS and the War on Drugs
You have heard the RUMORS and the DIS-INFORMATION about them.
Now LOOK at the Documented EVIDENCE

Perhaps our favorite FREE-THINKERS and Musicians (by taking certain Plants) and Smoking Certain Herbs (also religious) should be praised for the insight and understanding they have received in life through these things. Not be condemned and thought of as DIRTY for their use of the same. Of course Heroin problems are very dangerous and damaging and I am NOT talking about that. Besides it is their highly addictive properties that are exactly what make the MAFIA/CIA/GOVERNMENT wet their lips from excitement (due to huge profits involved) not caring what damage they do to people. Also the natural ENTHEOGENS are NOT a hot commodity for them. For one thing, they actually make you think, which is the ONE THING those AGENDA driven Power and Money hungry MONSTERS would prefer you didn't do.

With that said, lets get going... :o)

Figure 2. Artwork as Revelator

Amanita muscaria is a Good Luck Charm associated with the Four-Leafed-Clover in artwork and traditional Superstition. It is not restricted to Pictorial art in obvious places. Sybmolism associated with the mushroom is found throughout Religious artwork as well. Decoding these Religious art symbols has always been a pet peeve of mine. It seems when you start to look there is Mushroom Imagery everywhere. For good reason, as the story unfolds you find that the depth of understanding religious art is directly associated with the depth of your understanding of Symbols.

Figure 3. The Little People

Often associated with Gnomes, Fairies and "Little People" The beauty of this mushroom makes it a favorite for artists. The Mystical aspect is generally reserved for those that happen to be "In The Know".

"The Hidden Meanings of Christmas"

What are the origins of the Christmas traditions? Most people never think to ask this question. Those that do find a seemingly complete dogmatic system of explanation. Then of course there is one day the discovery that Santa Claus does not really exist. But... Does he? Many things have been written in an attempt to trace Christmas' development. You can find books on this subject and even those who consider themselves experts in this field. I suppose you could call that field Santa-ology, or perhaps Santa-ism. Yet long lost into the realm of simple traditions are very amazing symbolic connections, and origins that are long forgotten, or perhaps intentionally overlooked. To know the meanings behind the symbologies that to most people have dogmatic explanation may open the doorway to understanding the hidden symbology of many other religions. Several books have been written about the Amanita muscaria (Mushroom). This Mushroom is found growing under Pine trees (Coniferous trees), Birch, and sometimes Oak all over the World. The Pine tree is one of the main relics of Christmas.

The Santa Claus, and Christmas holiday (of today) have metamorphosised out of many older Mythologies and traditions. What are present today as icons, symbols, and relics that have managed to find their way into the Winter Solstice celebrations have a commonality that deserves some reflection, study, and perhaps even some reverence. Understanding these borrowed from traditions is central to getting at the root of the true meaning of Christmas.

Figure 4. Santa as a Shaman

The Santa Claus (of today) is a metamorphosis of many older Mythologies. Including THOR or Donner (German) who wears red and rides in a Golden Flying Chariot pulled by two Goats (Cracker and Gnasher). These Goats were in a sense the ancestors to the now popular Reindeer. What would the red and gold clad angel be doing with that nice basket? An Easter basket at Christmas is an interesting concept.

So Where does this enter the Christmas tradition?? Many Christian beliefs and traditions were borrowed from more ancient Religions and Mythologies. The virgin birth, The incarnation of God, The Sacrament, Christmas, Easter, Etc. Christmas has been adopted by Christianity as one of its holy days.

It is well documented By Fundamentalists (apologists) that the Christmas traditions are Pagan in origin.. This simply means that their origin comes from the traditions of the country folk (pagan). The Pagan origins of most of the other attributes of Christianity are usually vigorously denied. It is also very easy to obscure, overlook and discredit the Hindu, Egyptian, Mithraic, Germanic, Greek and Buddhist roots by lumping all other religions together and labeling them Pagan. These are certainly not simple country-folk religions. So to say Christmas has Pagan roots is glossing over what exactly those roots are, and discrediting their study as worthless. Many of the Christmas traditions and stories have hidden meanings. Not apparent at first look, a more thorough investigation reveals there is far more symbolic content which is decipherable than suspected. At the roots of this search is the secret of the Mushroom, its habitat, form, users, effect, and symbolism.

Siberian Shamen used, and still do today (despite Governmental oppression) The Amanita muscaria as a Religious Sacrament. The value Of the inebriant is placed highly among the commodities of the natives. Fetching Reindeer pelts and meats in payment and barter. Interesting to note That if you aren't quick enough, you will find only the mushroom stubs, the rest greedily gobbled up by the hungry Reindeer. The Shamen of Siberia and the Russian Icon St. Nicholas both play parts in the tale of Christmas. Including where Christmas came from, and why there are certain Symbols associated with the holiday.

Figure 5. Christmas Ornaments

The Tradition of Ornamenting a tree is likely from the tradition of "The Paradise tree" a fir tree decorated with apples (represented the fruit of The Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden). In Germany during the Middle Ages a popular play was staged on December 24th (the religious feast day of Adam and Eve) symbolic of the Paradise story. Candles (symbolizing Christ), and cookies (originally wafers, symbolizing the Christian sacrament) were also hung on the tree, which is another symbolic connection. This Ornament is of particular interest because of the association with the Fruit of the tree of knowledge and the Amanita muscaria. This indicates that there have always been people "In the Know" from time to time. Originally the Fruit of the Tree of Life and the more recently added Fruit of the Tree Of Knowledge were one in the same. This according to Apocryphal texts.

So why do people bring Pine trees into their houses at the Winter Solstice? Placing brightly colored (Red and White) packages under the boughs to give each other as a token of their love and as a representation of the Love of God and the gift of his Sons life??

This is because, in nature THAT is where you will find this "Most Sacred" Substance. The Amanita muscaria. These Mushrooms grow in a Symbiotic/Mycorhizal relationship with the Pine tree. This means they grow always underneath the tree. People symbolically place gifts under the tree at Christmas. Acting as a sort of proxy present givers. Doing the work of God/Santa. Each celebrant mimicking the act of Nature/God in placing under the tree a GIFT. Big clue here!!! Winter brings rains... Rains bring Mushrooms... Go to the mountains around Christmas time, Look under the Pine trees. What you will find under them unlocks the Key Mysteries of the Universe. Through Multi-dimensionalizing the consciousness in a way that no other substance known can. This Gnosis (joining together of your mind with the mind of the Universal Consciousness) is what the Sages, Mystics, Teachers, and Prophets were talking about. Even if only in symbolism. And show it in Symbolism they did.

The Christmas Tree

All over the world people bring Coniferous trees into their houses and place brightly colored packages underneath them. In Nature, this is where you will find the Amanita muscaria (under coniferous trees). These particular Mushrooms grow in a symbiotic relationship with these particular trees. The actual living body is called Mycellium. It attaches to the roots of the tree awaiting the drop of a spore which produces the Fruiting body (fruit). The Mushroom is literally the Fruit of the Tree. As they grow in a Mycorhizal relationship with the tree, they are not parasitic. The tradition of bringing a tree into the home, and putting presents under it, is a custom that many follow. Most have absolutely no idea why. Even people that think they know, usually have no knowledge of this. The Symbolic meaning behind this transcends Etymological and Historical evidence.

1. Saint Nicholas is the patron Saint of children in Siberia (Russia)

2. The Mushrooms (Amanita muscaria) grow nearly exclusively under the Christmas (Coniferous) Trees.(Birch also; Another whole story)

3. The Reindeer eat these Mushrooms.. Hence the presumed flight.

4. Santa brings presents in his Bag. Mushrooms are gathered in Bags.

5. The Mushrooms are Red and White.

6. The Mushrooms are typically Dried by hanging them on the Hearth of the fireplace on strings. Just as stockings are hung in the same way

7. The Virgin Birth is Symbolic for the Mushroom. It grows without seed (Spores are microscopic) and it's appearance was thought to be Miraculous because of this.

8. The very name Christmas.. Is a Holiday name composed of the words ...Christ (meaning the Anointed with the Magical Substance) ...Mass (a special religious service/ceremony of the Sacramental ingestion of the Eucharist, the Body of Christ.) In Catholic Tradition this Substance (Body/Soma) Has been replaced by the doctrine of Trans-substantiation, Whereby (in magical ceremony) The Priests claim the ability to transform A cracker into the literal Body of Christ.. IE. Substitute/Placebo.

Figure 7. Saint Nicholas

Saint Nicholas (Patron Saint of Children among other things) is the most revered Saint in Russia, second only to the Apostles. He is The Russian Orthodox Church's counterpart to the native peoples highly respected local Shamen. A Shaman is a holy man that is well acquainted with a form of spirituality that incorporates plant entheogens that facilitate the NDE or out of body experience. Saint Nicholas was not likely to have been a Shaman, however the Symbolism on, and coloring of his Robes can lend to speculation.

The ancient Shamanic use

of Amanita muscaria in Siberia is well documented. Despite Governmental Oppression (of its use) there are still many who refuse to accept the Authorized State Religion, and continue the Shamanic traditions in secret. The Siberian Shaman (commonly dressing in red and white) would enter through the opening in the roof of a home where a ritual was to be done. Santa Claus (on the Holy Day) brings presents in his BAG. The Shamen gather the mushrooms in bags which they would bring with them when performing a ceremony. The Santa Claus we see today evolved from traditions developed in Germany. The Sinter Klaus was a conglomeration of older Germanic/Norse gods such as Thor, Donner, and Odin or Wotan. This knowledge is fairly common. What is missing here is that Odin rode through the sky in his charriot which is depicted in the stars by "The Big Dipper". The Big Dipper is the charroiot of Odin and Wotan, And Thor, and King Arthur, and even Osiris (Egypt). The charriott that circles the North Star in a 24 hour period is thus also known as the sleigh of Santa Claus, which circles the mythological home of Santa (the North Pole). Thor throws his hammer (which is shaped as a mushroom) to the ground and with a mighty Thunderous ligtning crack it appears. Odin rides the sky in his charriott pulled by horses which are exerting such an effort that their spit mingled with blood falls to the ground and the places where it hits mushrooms (Amanitas particularly) grew. The Osiris mythology has even more to add to this. First off to the Egyptian's South was up (north). Osiris was the lord of the underworld (south) which is why he circles the sky in the furthest possible under (south) area. Not only did Osiris ride the sky in a charriott, but after his death Isis found that an evergreen (Cedar) had grown full sized from a dead stump overnight (this also relates to the Djed pillar) this was understood as a sign of Osiris' rebirth and immortality. The birth of Osiris is interestingly the 25th of December (traditional). The 25th of December was also celebrated annually by putting presents around the Cedar tree. This tradition is at lease five thousand years old. The birth of Horus to the goddess virgin mother Isis is perhaps the eldest representation of the goddess/son mythology, yet it is impossible to know the true date of this or how old the Astro-theological Virgo giving birth to the child/god/star mythology is. However it is the oldest source I have found. And very old it is. The Mushrooms are typically dried (a necessary procedure) by stringing them up (like popcorn) and hanging them above the hearth of the fireplace. Shamen, and Lay people alike, would gather and dry them. They are a valuable commodity. Reindeer (native to Siberia) eat these mushrooms. The Mythology of Reindeer taking flight reflects the supposed effects they get after such a meal.

It is important to point out that this Christmas/Winter Solstice celebration, with all its various counterparts, transcends the worlds religions. It may be that the reason that this celebration is held all over the planet in various forms has something to do with this other commonality which we are looking at. It certainly is intwined in the symbolism.

Here are some of the countries around the world and the names of their respective Santa Claus'.

Australia - - - - - - - Santa Claus

British Isles - - - - Father Christmas

China - - - - - - - - Dun Che Lao Ren (dwyn-chuh-lau-oh-run)

Czechoslovakia - - - -Svaty Mikalas

Denmark - - - - - - -Julemanden

France - - - - - - - -Pere Noel or le petit Jsus

Germany - - - - - - - Saint Nicholas or Weihnachtsmann

Greece - - - - - - - -Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus

Iceland - - - - - - - Jolasveinar. (13 of them) Stekkjarstaur, Giljagaur, Stufur, Thvorusleikir, Pottaskefill, Askasleikir, Hurdarskellir, Skyrgamur, Bjugnakraekir, Gluggagaegir, Gattathefur, Ketkrokur and Kertasnikir.

Italy - - - - - - - - La Befana

Japan - - - - - - - - Hoteiosho

Netherlands - - - - - Sinterklaas

Norway - - - - - - - -Julebukk

Russia - - - - - - - -Saint Nicholas

Scandinavia - - - - - Julenisse

Spain - - - - - - - - Balthazar

Sweden - - - - - - - -Tomte

Wales - - - - - - - - Mari Ilwyd

United States - - - - Santa Claus

This list is by no means inclusive: it was partially obtained from:
--The World Book Encyclopdia.

Figure 8. A sacred meal setting and service

This place setting and service which was contributed by a very good friend who has been always an inspiration to me is certainly a real fine example of what a truly enlightened Christmas meal is all about. You don't have to read very far into this symbolism to realise what the table is saying about dinner. The idea of a Sacred meal is incorporated into many ancient traditions that also celebrated the birth of the God on December 25th. The Sun as it reaches the winter Solstice ends its course across the heavens and appears to stop for 3 days, then it begins anew its trek across the heavens towards the Northern hemisphere. This 3 day apparent stoppage is mythologized as the death of the Sun of God on the cross of the celestial 4 points, and after the 3 day waiting period it was thought to return to life, as it begins its precession across the sky. Later mythologies transfer the death on the cross to a hanging on wood, and the 3 day death to The Son being locked inside a tomb. The fact that the mushrooms must be dried (before consumption) is another euphemism that the god must die (sacrificing himself) to save mankind through enlightenment by giving his own life.

This is only the beginning. A few of the associations this mushroom has with the Christmas traditions. Here are some Synonymous names and/or terminologies given to this Mushroom throughout history, many of which we will be exploring further.In fact, there are so many that expounding upon them could take a lifetime, therefore, obviously, this list is not all-inclusive. The Egyptian term; "the God of a thousand names" begins to make sense as this research begins to encompass so many other traditions, mythologies and religions.

1. SOMA (Hindu plant-god). Soma is also Greek for "body".

2. Amrita (Buddhist Magical Sacrament).

3. Ambrosia (Greek, "Food of the Gods").

4. The Holy Grail (note the Grail-like shape of the upturned muscaria mushroom; "Vessel containing the blood of the God").

5. Fruit of the Tree of life: Fruit of the Tree = the mushroom; the main body (mycellium) growing underground in a Symbiotic relationship with the Pine tree.

6. The Golden Fleece

7. The Fountain of Youth: Ponce De' Leon is likely to have unknowingly kicked over the very thing for which he was searching; the red muscaria grows under Longleaf Pine in northern Florida in December.

8. Haoma: Islamic Sacrament.

9. Manna: There are two kinds in the Bible; see John ch. 6 to 14. Manna means "mushroom".

10. Bread of Life: Yes, it's the "Loaf of Bliss".

11. Fountain of Living Waters: Its alive, 90% water, and shaped like a fountain.

12. Hidden Manna: See Rev. 2:17

13. The Cosmic Egg, The Easter Egg (What are we really mimicking at Easter? The mushroom hunt, OF COURSE).

14. The Prima Materia/Philosophers stone: The secret substance of the Alchemists (Get Clark Heinrich's book "Strange Fruit" for this one; fascinating!).

15. Soma: The Hindu plant God and elixir of immortality.

16. The Flesh of the God: The mushroom is very flesh-like and is depicted so.

17. The Fruit of the Tree of Knowledge/Life.

18. The Flesh of Jesus, and other Gods (Take and eat. This is my "body" [Greek, "SOMA"]).

19. The Hammer of Thor: The shape is obvious. Thor throws his mushroom-shaped hammer to the ground in a bolt of lightning and a mighty thunderous CRACK. Lightning is the mythical creator of the mushroom.

20. The Small White Stone: The infant state of the mushroom resembles a small white stone.

21. The Elixir of Immortality: The churning-of-the-milky-ocean myth describes this in a phenomenal way.

22. The Feathered Serpent: From its first egg-state to its snake-looking second state, then shedding its universal veil (shedding its skin) and finally upturning its cap (gills resembling feathers). The feathered serpent is cosmopolitan in its symbology.

23. The Phoenix: From the ashes (spores) the egg appears. Then comes the upturned cap resembling a gold and red colored bird (the gills as feathers). Then the heat (sun) burns the mushroom and it dissolves, once again leaving only ashes (spores), and finally repeating the whole cycle.

23. Ankh: Waters and life, or the waters of life in Egypt.

24. Rudra: The Hindu red god of the forest.

25. Djed: The phallus or pillar of Osiris.

26. The One Eyed Howler: The round eye shape which represents the vision of the universe.

27. The Eye of Horus: (Djed-Eye) Sound familiar?

28. The World Tree: The mushroom is thought to be the creator of the world, in many cultures.

29. Celestial Food: The food of the Gods in the Egyptian "Book of the dead".

30. Aten: The Egyptian winged-disc.

31. Fly Agaric: Although "Fly" is commonly thought of in association with the "House-fly", there is also evidence that it refers to the act of "flying", as in taking spiritual flight.

Many times these representations are used severally in one depiction.

"THE HOLY GRAIL" Mushroom symbols in popular Myth

Figure 9. The Holy Grail

Amanita muscaria the Holy Grail. Long associated with the Flesh of the God in Religious Sacraments. The Grail cup holding the blood of the God (juices) is an obvious analogy. Note the look of the fully grown specimen. The Imagery of a cup or fountain are some of the more pronounced Symbols used to keep the "Secret" understanding of the true nature of the sacrament for the "Elite". In its infant (button) State the Mushroom resembles a small white stone. The pulling of the Sword (symbol of wielding the power) from the stone is another Arthurian Legend connecting the Mushroom to the myth.

The quest for the Grail itself is the quest for the knowledge of the mushroom. The Parcival myth depicts paths (traditions), which are to be explored (but not adhered to), in order to complete the quest. This quest is described in the myths as a journey into the forest (the world) and finding paths (systems) which one may follow, for a time, but ultimately one must blaze his/her own trail in order to truly reach the final goal, the Holy Grail (the discovery and usage of the mushroom).

The Holy Grail is a Mythology that comes from the story of the Crucifixion. It is a story that talks of a cup that caught some of the blood of Jesus as he died on the cross and as many relics was thought to posess magical powers. King arthur as a child gained his rightful place as King by pulling the sword from the stone. This is symbolic for wielding the power of the mushroom. The stone is a metaphor for the Mushroom and pulling the sword from it is the concept of being able to crack the code and posess the power of the magical plant. After Arthur took ill (in his later years) he was told that he must seek and find the Holy Grail to renew his strength and re-acquire his power. The Mushroom has historically/mythologically been the container of the juice of the elixir of immortality or the blood of the God. The shape of the Mushroom (in the form of a grail) is the reason that the cup/fountain/grail symbology is used in the stories. The Grail itself is the Mushroom and finding it is the underlying theme in the legends of King Arthur.

"Christianity" The western popular religion

Christianity is a religion with a dubious history, yet many of the doctrines and stories are worth study. Christianity is a Religion that was created for Political reasons. The Emperor of Rome Constantine knew one of the most basic tenets of the Government (control) of people. It is much easier to be the BOSS of someone when you can get them to believe that you not only have the authority of a Governmental organization but the Authority from God to tell them what to do. Although Rome holds no exclusive right to this idea they certainly have etched their mark on history Enforcing their particular Political machine. Christianity is the product of examining as many of the Religious doctrines they could acquire from Egyptology, Mithraism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and others, also including the Torah of the Jews, and then picking and choosing the parts they wanted to include in the new Catholic (one from all) Bible. Since this was a conglomeration of older works, sort of a plagiarism (then alteration) there are many symbolic tenets that have managed to retain their original meanings.

The primary purpose of this investigation is to explain these hidden meanings in as simple a form as possible. The linguistic evidence has been thoroughly covered by John Allegro which should make clear that Mushrooms play a huge role in the written word. I will try to shed light on the basic philosophical nature of the Religion by examining and explaining the hidden symbolism in the doctrines themselves, opening up a new and (though simplified) deeper meaning to the texts. Once you understand where to look, the ideas presented here will unlock the secret meanings of the book we know as the Bible. Then I will point out the same Ideas as they were originally written down in the Pre-Christian world that gave birth to the myths, in an attempt to trace them to their eldest source.

Political and even Fascist elements, in the book, will be explored later. These elements are the result of corruption of the original source-documents, as well as the re-incorporation of older Patriarchal systems.

Figure 10. The Christian MANNAS revealed

John Marco Allegro as one of the worlds leading Philologist put his neck on the line when he wrote this book "The Sacred Mushroom And The Cross". Making numerous connections with the Amanita muscaria and many of the sacred doctrinal enigmas and sacraments.

John Allegro Linguistically linked the SOMA (Greek=Body), the Manna (Sumerian=Mushroom), (of which there are two kinds), the names Jesus, James, and John, the Fruit of the tree of Knowledge, and the Symbol of the cross to the Amanita muscaria. Stating that all of these names were synonyms and wordplay for the hidden Identity of the Mushroom itself. Needless to say he had the Religious scholars doing FLIPS. The Biblical Apologists jumped right on the instant bandwagon to disprove anything he said. Although he did stretch the boundaries (at least twice) of some established Scholarship, the proof is in the pudding (so to speak) and many of his associations are beyond repute.

Even though it was the linguistic links that first brought this to light, it was the understanding of the symbolism that drives it home. Once you know where to look, and that was well revealed in writings of Allegro, the understanding of the Mythologies unfold in a new level of comprehension.

The Manna the Israelites ate in the desert is presently defined as a question. It is not ordinary for a word describing Bread to be thought of in this context. Manna is defined in this way: (Manna="What is it?") a Biblical description of this Mystical Substance will toss the reader some clues.

1) Manna was a small round thing that appeared on the ground after the dew had fallen.

2) If left in the Sun it would breed worms and stink.

3) Manna was thought of as being produced miraculously (IE: birth without seed). This is a perfect botanical description of a Mushroom. Birth without Seed (Miraculous) is due to spores being microscopic and not visible to the naked eye.

The Mannas are described in detail by Jesus in the book of John. In this story Jesus attempts to make clear that of manna, there are two different ones/kinds. He describes the manna that he is giving the deciples (last supper) as the Manna that bestows Immortality. His statement that Unless you have eaten his flesh/body (Soma/Manna), and have drank of his blood (Soma Juice) then you have no life in you, takes on a whole new meaning in light of this discovery.

The Manna is directly associated with the Fruit of the Tree of Life in the 2nd chapter of the book of Revelation. It is the reward for those who overcome (lies). The Fruit of the Tree, the Hidden Manna and the small white stone are spoken of separately but in the same context. All of these are symbols for the Amanita muscaria.

Figure 11. The Fruit Of The Tree

This 13th Century Fresco from France shows the Amanita muscaria as the Fruit (of the Tree) of the "knowledge of Good and Evil". Adam and Eve had their eyes opened. The Gods looked down and said "Behold, they have become as one of us".

The knowledge of good and evil seems a strange thing to condemn someone for. Unless the Gods wanted to tell them what was right and wrong, rather than have them know the difference. Imposing their will upon mankind is not so easy when people can think for themselves. Especially if it becomes obvious that what you are being told is wrong (The BIG Knowledge).

What we have here may be future as we never knew it to be. The Fruit of Knowledge is the same thing as the fruit of the Tree of Life. The fruit of the tree that is to come down out of heaven and line the streets of the city in the new "Golden Age". The same of which when you partake, you have direct communion with God.

The Cuneiform clay tablets of Mesopotamia (at least 4,000 BC/CE) tell the oldest Known tales of The Adam and Eve (Garden of Eden) eating the fruit stories. But they tell a different tale than what we have in the Bible of today. Zechariah Sitchen has been very foremost in the dispersion of what these tablets say. The Gods came to our planet in Space/Time/Dimension ships. Finding Neanderthal Man a bit primitive they manipulated the DNA to produce the Homo-Sapien. The Father God "Anu" remained on Sirius. Two Brothers Ea and Enlil were the Stewards of the new colonization, Enlil wishing to Control the population and Ea wanting to expand our consciousness. The High Council and Anu leaning towards the Enlilian point of view. Whereas Ea wanted to Miultidimensionalize the minds of his creations. This will be dealt with more fully in the section on Mesopotamia. But, for now, suffice it to say that the earlier stories portray the eating of the fruit in a completely different light, in fact the whole concept is flipped one hundred and eighty degrees. What was originally a glorious and incredible story about the hope and potential of humanity has become a primary story of a horrible fall-from-grace and even condemnation of the entire race.

Figure 12. The Last Supper (The Sacramental ingestion of the Body of God)

The concept of the literal ingestion of the body of God is highly downplayed by Religious scholars of today.

Many questions should be asked about this Cosmopolitan idea of the Sacramental Substance. Unfortunately, the religious experts shun the notion, insisting that the entire idea is nothing more than symbolic. A symbol points at something else, not usually at another symbology. The Catholic church in the early 1100's decided to have the final word on this subject by establishing (under Emperor/Pope Innocent III) the "Doctrine of Trans-Substantiation". This it whereby: The Priests, by their holy power, claim to be able to say some magical words, and ordinary bread turns into the "Literal Body of God". This event is one of the biggest evil deceptions of all time, is an undermining of the basic esoteric aspects of the religion, and is arguably the most horrible and damning event to ever happen to Christendom. Jesus clearly describes the Manna that he calls his body in the book of John. Repeatedly describing the "Thing"/Manna as a substance hidden from the world, but revealed to his disciples. The last supper tale is as simplistic a story as you can get when trying to decipher the event. Adamantly; Jesus says, "Take and eat, This is my Body". This is "THE" TRANSFORMATIONAL and MAGNIFICENT event. By intentional misrepresentation it has been stripped down (by self appointed or politically correct AUTHORITIES) to rhetorical run around and ridiculous dogmatic symbolism by enthusiastic religious Stumbling-block throwers.

The Bible, as we have it today, should not be regarded as a historical document. This is not to say that it is not very interesting, but it must be read keeping in mind that it is a re-translation, of a re-translation, of a re-translation, of an initially altered plagiarism. The book itself (viewed in light of the possibility of what could have been) is a complex document that must have required some pretty intelligent minds to conceive. It is this complexity which so overwhelms those of limited intellect that it convinces many that it could only have been written by the hand (or direct inspiration) of God. Yet the Bible pales drastically in comparison to the thousands of Hindu or Buddhist writings in complexity and substance. Most who read it never know this because they are instructed to steer clear of any other religious writings, lest they become deceived. Those who become "completely blown away" by the conceptualization of what it must have taken to write such a document have never seen or attempted to really look at anything else similarly complex. Therefore, they have no point of reference, other than their own intellect, and the one book they believe to be the only true word of God. There is enough written there to speculate in awe, what those who wrote it were all about. Meaning; had we been there, at that time (6000 years ago), to read the original text (Cuneiform), and were reading it in our own native language, AND had been partakers of the heavenly gift (the mushroom), it must have been an incredible thing indeed. It is important to note, just briefly, that the concepts and doctrines which specifically referred to reincarnation in Biblical texts were extricated from the cannon by ecumenical council. This is another corruption which has obscured the understanding of life in general for all those believers who will never know this happened.

"Manna" means "Mushroom". However, if you reject the philological (linguistic) evidence proposed by Allegro and others, perhaps a simple read of the relevant scriptures will sway you towards the possibility, and perhaps you may also begin to understand how the mushroom, anthropomorphically, can become the body of the God.

Exodus 16-14 And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of the wilderness there lay a small round thing, as small as the hoar frost on the ground. Exodus 16-19 And Moses said, let no man leave of it till morning. Exodus 16-20 Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto Moses; but some of them left of it till the morning, and it bred worms, and stank: and Moses was wroth with them.

Mushrooms grow from moisture, such it is that they grow after the dew falls. They appear miraculously because they grow from spores (which are microscopic) and have no seed. In fact, they seem to disappear as mysteriously as they appeared, leaving no visible trace. Mushrooms, as any mycologist can tell you, left in the sun, or otherwise left to their natural process, begin to rot, breed worms, and also begin to stink. Manna means mushroom philologically, linguistically, and, as you can see, mushrooms physically fit the description given of the substance in these texts.

Figure 13. Manna in the Ark of the Covenant

Moses built this elaborate device to carry the Manna through the wilderness. To look inside the ark was punishable by death. The box itself is of little import, or value. What IS important, is what was INSIDE. The Long and tedious search for this artifact, shows either a complete "missing of the point" or a "deliberate mis-direction of attention".

There are "TWO" Mannas, the one the Israelites ate in the desert, and the "Hidden Manna".

Knowing about the mushroom; is like having a key to unlock the doors of scriptural interpretation. An "opening of the seals of the book" could be another way of looking at it. Without the understanding of the hidden meanings behind the symbolism; the texts lose their full significance. For instance; in the Book of St. John, connect the dots and see what it seems to say (with this in mind). Biblical scholars know that reading the center (reference) column between the sections of scripture, reveals hidden connections between symbols, and clarifies their meaning. I will follow these references to help guide the context of this exploration.

St John 14-6 Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the father but by me.

ref:John 10-9 I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture.

ref:John 14-4 And wither I go ye know, and the way ye know.

John 14-16 And I will pray the father, and he shall give you another comforter, that he may abide with you forever; Even the spirit of truth; whom the world cannot recieve, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you; and shall be in you.

ref:1John 2-27 But the anointing which ye have received of him abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you; but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in it.

There are many layers of interpretation of scripture, and those that have special understanding get into the deeper meanings. This particular text may be understood by thinking about what has been said, and looking for connections to the Mushroom proposal. There is no way to go to the Father but by him, the door, through which you can go in and out. He leaves a comforter that will dwell among us and be in us. If something is dwelling with you, and can be in you, you must be eating it. It is the door, the comforter, and will be in you. Going in and out means after ingesting you multi-dimensionally go into the spiritual realm. It will teach you all things. This is a description of the substance that you eat which opens the doorway to the place where you are taught all things.

Understanding this interpretation of deep level symbolism opens up whole new vistas and possibilities for the individual. Perhaps the direct communion with God, sometimes refered to as Gnosis, is not an impossibility if one can get past the alien and unfamiliar concept of the mechanics of it, and consider that there may be a deeper level than that communication or dialogue they perceive in their minds. Understood at surface level this just points at something in the future that (hopefully) will be revealed. Otherwise, it is simply obscured in apologistic runaround by supposed authorities who frantically try to explain why it is NOT this literal and obvious "THING". It does also describe an ANOINTING (Greek; Chrisma) (close to Christmas again). We go right back again to the special holy substance endowing one with the gift of the holy spirit, the door, the comforter; that will dwell with you, and will be in you. The comforter (it says) the world does not see, or know, but those specially gifted (whom Jesus is speaking to) know, and see, and will have it inside of them. The Manna, the door, the comforter which will teach those who know. Even to the point they have no need to be taught by anyone.

Here again we see that those who know have no need for a church, pastor, prophet, or authority figure here on earth as they have direct communion. Consider the Manna (bread) that comes down from heaven, and see if it becomes a little more clear. Especially in regards to this being a synonymous (one and the same) substance that is inside of you. This part expressly stating that you should take and eat.

John 6-27 Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the son of man shall give unto you; for him hath God the father sealed.

John 6-31 Our fathers did eat manna in the desert; as it is written, He gave them bread from heaven to eat.

John 6-32 Then Jesus said unto them, verily verily I say unto you, Moses gave you not that bread from heaven; but my father giveth you the true bread from heaven.

John 6-34 Then said they unto him, Lord, evermore give us this bread.

John 6-35 And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life.

John 6-41 The Jews then murmured at him, because he said, I am the bread that came down from heaven.

John 6-43 Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, Murmur not among yourselves.

John 6-48 I am that bread of life.

John 6-56 He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him.

John 7-38 He that believeth on me, as the scripture has said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water.

I will deal with the rivers of living water that will flow out of the bellies of those that eat the Manna later (Hinduism, Buddhism) The meat, the manna, the door, the comforter, the bread, the living waters, the blood; All are synonymous for that which will dwell with you and you will put "in" you which will teach you all things through direct communion. For those who ascribe to the "OFFICIAL" accepted explanation: namely that Jesus alone is the substance, and that everything else is merely symbolic for him, in the next part we will explore the book of Revelation: where (as in John) it says that the world does not see, because it does not know, and this opposed to those who know, and see, and will have it in them. Something that the world does not know, because it does not see, is certainly "Hidden" as in the Hidden Manna.

Rev 2-7 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the Churches; to him that overcometh will i give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God.

Rev 2-17 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit sait unto the Churches; to him that overcometh will i give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.

The manna it has already been expressed that in ancient tongue (which this was translated from) Manna means mushroom. It has also been explained that the mushroom is the fruit of the tree of life. In the next chapter it will be shown that the mushroom is also referred to as a small white stone. The mushroom, the manna, the white stone, the comforter, the door which you will have in you which you can enter in and out of, which will show you all things.

James 2-14 What doth it profit, my bretheren, though a man say he have faith, and have not works? Can faith save him?

James 2-15 If a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of daily food,

James 2-16 And one of you say unto them, Depart in peace, be ye warmed and filled; notwithstanding ye give them not those things which are needful to the body; What doth it profit?

The things which are needful to the body, if we follow the thread of this discourse, are that which will be in you. The door, comforter, manna, blood, bread, stone, works (being tangible). It can be argued that all is well and that the body needs nothing. Yet there seems to be direct discrepancy to this supposition.

John 6-53 Then Jesus said unto them, Verily verily I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you.

John 6-5 Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day.

John 6-55 For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed.

John 6-56 He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him.

This is saying pretty clearly that the eating and drinking is physical. My body is flesh indeed, and My blood is drink indeed, and the added statement that when you eat, it is inside of you leaves little room for debate that this is a substance and not a phantom symbol alone. For those who choose to debate this I ask that they show me their substance because according to Jesus' words unless you eat and drink of "IT" you have no life in you. By the way, do I really need to mention that this is not some strange reference to Cannibalism? I sure hope not, if you still think this read on. Somewhere some of this MUST convince you that he is not saying to take a bite out of his arm, or any other piece of his actual body.

Figure 14. The Fountain Of Living Waters

The God of the Bible says "I am the Fountain Of Living Waters". If we are to understand this statement on a level of literal translation, then this means alive, made of water, and in the similitude of a Fountain. This describes a Mushroom. The Waters of life is an ancient term linked to the Living waters, and the Waters of Immortality. The Waters one drinks to recieve the gift of Immortality and Transcendence. SOMA and Amrta are also considered the waters of life. The attributes of which bestowed Enlightenment. The Churning of The Milky ocean was to (metaphorically) produce this substance. The Waters of life are also Synonymous with the blood of the god in the Sacramental Analysis.

Jesus was the revealer of the "Fountain of living waters" as in Rev. 21-6, he will give those who are athirst the living waters. Living waters, blood, manna, flesh, and all this "stuff" is the one and same thing represented in different ways. All represent eating and drinking of a phenomenal substance that produces multi-Dimensionality (door), great spiritual learning, and communion with God being inside of you. While the popular bread and water (or wine) do go inside the body, they certainly lack the substantive aspects that the action of ingesting describes. In my opinion the magical act of "Trans-Substantiation" has no merit. The statement that Jesus makes "Unless you eat and drink you have no life in you" would seem to condemn the replacement of whatever the real thing is with a placebo (substitute).

Jeremiah 3-11 Hath a nation changed their gods, which are yet no gods? But my people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit.

Jeremiah 3-12 Be ye astonished, Oh ye heavens, at this, and be horribly afraid, be ye very desolate, saith the Lord.

Jeremiah 3-13 For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me the fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water.

Being astonished at this is only the beginning, being horribly afraid and desolate is what is instructed. Being desolate certainly describes the author's understanding of being cut off from the presence of the Lord (communion). But how can his people be cut off from the Lord? The answer is apparent in this section. It is because the true fountain of living waters has been forsaken, replaced by cisterns that do not profit (substitute/placebo), and are broken. If a light bulb does not work, it is broken. If an eaten substance that is supposed to produce the described results does not produce these results, then it is broken and (mystical illusions, or delusions, aside) actually worthless.

Figure 15. Jesus with Mushroom cap Aura

A common depiction of Enlightenment is this glowing Aura that resembles the Mushroom. This is Symbolic for the spiritual glow one has after the change experienced by the heavenly gift of the Holy Ghost. Many artworks show those who have "Tasted of the heavenly Gift" and those who have not. This is depicted by whether you have this glow, or do not.

I bring this line of thinking up because it has been lingering in the back of my mind for many years. Perhaps there is a loss in translation that would make this less dire. But if we are to understand this literally, it is saying that something happens to you when you eat this. Perhaps a spiritual change that somehow saves one from the second death. This has always made me wonder just how important it really is for people to eat this. You can see how, once the suspension of dis-belief has been achieved, there is a very deep desire to share this information with others. Much in the same manner that a fundamentalist Christian feels a need to save the rest of the world from hell by delivering the message of their God to those in danger of death by disbelief. The difference being, the substance that established religion is feeding their flock does not profit. Simple bread, even after magical supposed transformation, simply does not produce the effects that are really being prescribed by these texts. This just makes it seem all that much more important. And it also brings into question the idea that those who convince themselves that they truly feel something after eating the priest-blessed bread and water, or whatever, may be creating an illusion that is eventually (although they think it wonderful) something that is damaging to them beyond comprehension.

The search for a similar sense of imperative in the other religions has not produced this same urgent warning. In fact the time in my life that I have spent discussing the mushroom theory with many, many people, has turned up many other interesting possibilities.

Of course I try not to just run up to people and say "Hello there, eat this mushroom because I may never see you again, and it is very important". Although sometimes I feel like it. There seems to be (as in any other field) different levels of understanding throughout the world regarding the mushroom and its involvement in all of this.

Most people have never heard anything like this. In fact their whole paradigm of thought might not even allow them to consider anything like this. Then there are people who, although they have never heard anything like this, find it to be interesting yet go about their way likely to never have it enter their minds again. Some find it interesting, contemplate it once in a while, sometimes having events that remind them of the idea, like a mushroom on a postcard, but generally pass it off as not important (to them). Others find it somehow familiar, and do some research on their own. Sometimes I run into them down the road of life, and they say something like "Hey, remember when you told me about that mushroom? Well what about this, or that?" And other connections I have never run across can be made. Then there are people that have heard about this already. I like running into these kind of people, because it is always intriguing for me to find out what they know. Most of those who have heard about it, have never eaten, or even seen these mushrooms in person. [Lots of Mycologists have seen them, and some due to their interests in mushrooms, in general, have heard something about it]. Then there are those who have heard about it, and have even studied it enough to have actually eaten it at some point. Most of these did not know about the levels of effects, by dosage, and have experienced only stage 1 effects. Many of these become perplexed that they did not receive the effects they had expected and so give up on it, thinking that the identification of the substance must have been flawed, and look for something else. I've talked to many people that felt that the ecstatic effects (described in the religious texts) must have just been a myth. Some have experienced stage 2, and still fewer have been to stage 3. (see recipe page)

This suggests a spiritual evolutionary process at work. It becomes more apparent when looking into the Hindu and Buddhist texts pertaining to spiritual evolution. Through the process of reincarnation advancement is made according to knowledge one gains AND the discovery and application of key tools for enlightenment found on different levels of the path. One other comment I should make before proceeding is; Many things have been written in the myths about the experience at death, where the spiritual journey takes one to the point of going onward to the next level or incarnation. This threshold (of potential achievement) is preceded by the eating of the tree of life, or the drinking of the living waters. Such as in this part of Revelations.

Rev. 7-9 After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands;
Rev. 2-17 For the lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them and shall lead them unto living fountains of waters: And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes.

It is interesting that even though these people have died (physically), and are before the throne of God, there is still this mention of the fountains of living waters, which the lamb will lead them to. This is done for the multitudes of all the earth. Who can know the real reason that even spiritually there is a need for this substance? At any level of understanding, it is apparent that the Lamb knows, and so guides the multitudes to the fountain which contains their reward.

Figure 16. Jesus in a TUB of Transfiguration

This 15th Century Fresco Shows Jesus with Cross in a TUB that looks remarkably similar to the TUB in the Central Chamber in the Great Pyramid at Gizeh (This will be explored later). This shows both baptisms. 1) the baptism by water (TUB) and the second by Fire (Cross). The Cross being a symbol for the Mushroom. There are after all TWO Baptisms. The First is baptism by water. The second is baptism by FIRE. This is the transformational baptism. The death (journey to the heavens) and the rebirth experience of the God. The Mushroom has a long association (largely due to its color) with fire. High on the Mountain-top (where the Mushrooms grow) Moses conversed with the God in the "Burning Bush".

Christianity was the first Religion that I studied in depth after finding out about the Mushroom. This was due to my heritage and upbringing. After four years I finally had my first experience. As you can see from what I had understood, I fully expected to see the throne of God and Jesus, the hierarchy of angels, and the whole works. But when I opened the door, ate the flesh/bread, and drunken of the waters of life, I found much much more. There was no Jesus (so to speak) there to greet me. People have the supposition that "as they believe, so shall it be". The more proper way to look at it is this: "So as you believe, you can count on being wrong". Because not only is life NOT as easy as believing in ANY God, or anything. The world is consumed by the huge beast/spirit of deception (remember that one? The one that everyone inside their minds believes could not possibly have gotten to them). Simply believing anything is not the key to salvation. At best it would surely be thought of as "The easy way out". Neither is finding the Mushroom and going in through the door to be taught. The first thing you learn is there is no easy way out, that is if you are interested in anything beyond simply being saved (not dying). There are many levels of Evolution, Spiritual as well as Physical. The levels (evolutionary levels) seen inside the door are accessible, but require certain understandings. You see them, and visit them, and know that they are there, but due to the conditioning that has been done to you in life, you realize that you must dump a lot of baggage to stay at those levels. A very humbling experience indeed. Much of that baggage that must be left behind originates in the belief systems that are taught to us lowly humans by Religions on this planet. The Political/Religious organizations that have altered truth to fit their societal model have polluted, and thereby destroyed it. This goes beyond just being a hindrance to spiritual Evolution. This is the great beast that drags the soul to destruction by replacing truth with its own Morals and Dogma. The Beast is camouflaged as the truth. It is an a extremely diabolical and complex web. A trap which may be that very thing which human existence is really all about. Finding the way out. Each new truth dashing a dogma to the rocks. Each new revelation opening up (making accessible) another sphere/level of spiritual evolution.

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